Remote Access features allow a Fusion controller to ask other Fusion controllers for sensor data using wireless communications. A TLEE expansion module is required for a Fusion controller to ask another Fusion controller for data. However, a Fusion controller is capable of responding to requests for sensor data without a TLEE expansion module.
Full Answer
What is a fusion reactor?
In a fusion process, two atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. Devices that produce energy in this way are known as fusion reactors. Fusion occurs in a plasma confined at sufficient temperature and pressure for a sufficient interval. The combination of these constraints is known as the Lawson criterion.
How can I monitor the state of FusionReactor Enterprise Edition?
Any FusionReactor Enterprise Edition installation is able to report the state of the server remotely to any other FusionReactor Enterprise Edition server. The Enterprise Dashboard lets you track the state of installations on one or more servers from a single Window.
Is there a reliable T database available for fusion reactor material?
Very little reliable T database is available for fusion reactor material, in general, due to the cost, difficulty associated with handling tritium, and the classical rate theory is often assumed for the isotope effects in diffusivity.
What is fusion power?
The Joint European Torus (JET) magnetic fusion experiment in 1991 Fusion power is an experimental form of power generation that generates electricity by using nuclear fusion reactions. In a fusion process, two extremely light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy.
How many timers does a reactor controller have?
How many timers does a reactor have?
What is the overview control panel?
What is remote handling?
Working at a particular work site without being physically present. Unlike conventional robotics, Remote Handling always involves a human being within the process.
Is there a working fusion reactor?
The ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) project currently under construction in Cadarache, France will be the largest tokamak when it operates in the 2020s. The Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a tokamak which is reported to be larger than ITER, and due for completion in 2030.
What is the most advanced fusion reactor?
The JET tokamakThe JET tokamak is the largest and most advanced magnetic fusion reactor currently operating. But the next generation of reactors is already in the works, most notably the ITER experiment, set to begin operations in 2027.
What is the status of ITER?
The reactor was expected to take 10 years to build and ITER had planned to test its first plasma in 2020 and achieve full fusion by 2023, however the schedule is now to test first plasma in 2025 and full fusion in 2035.
How far are we from fusion?
This article was originally published in The Oxford Scientist Michaelmas Term 2021 edition, Change. Nuclear fusion is supposedly 'always 30 years away'. It was however first theorised about a hundred years ago.
Can fusion reactors explode?
No, because fusion energy production is not based on a chain reaction, as is fission. Plasma must be kept at very high temperatures with the support of external heating systems and confined by an external magnetic field.
Which country is leading in nuclear fusion?
... top 14 countries were the United States, Japan, China, Germany, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, Italy, the Repub- lic of Korea, Switzerland, India, Sweden, Canada, and the Netherlands.
Is ITER a failure?
This, together with our incomplete knowledge of what to expect in the thermonuclear regime, makes ITER a risky project, whose failure could cause irreparable harm to the credibility of nuclear fusion.
Is fusion safer than fission?
Is Fusion or Fission More Dangerous? Nuclear fission is more dangerous than fusion as it produces harmful weapons-grade radioactive waste in the fuel rods that need to be stored safely away for thousands of years.
Will ITER break even?
Assuming the same ηheat = 0.7 and ηelec = 0.4, ITER (in theory) could produce as much as 112 MW of heating. This means ITER would operate at engineering breakeven.
Is Russia still part of ITER?
Unlike at CERN, Russia does not just have observer status, but rather is an active contributor to the construction of ITER.
How much does a tokamak cost?
The tokamak fusion reactor with a power level above that of the ITER but with a comparable or less reactor size, and with the COE less than 120 mills/kWh and the capital cost < 6000 M$ seems viable if plasma physics and engineering technology compared to those adapted in the design of the ITER are improved.
Is the US building a fusion reactor?
In December 2020, U.S. fusion researchers embraced the pilot plant in their new long-range plan. Using intense magnetic fields, ITER will trap a plasma of deuterium and tritium—the heavy isotopes of hydrogen—in a doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber and heated to 150 million degrees Celsius.
Why are fusion reactors not used?
One of the biggest reasons why we haven't been able to harness power from fusion is that its energy requirements are unbelievably, terribly high. In order for fusion to occur, you need a temperature of at least 100,000,000 degrees Celsius. That's slightly more than 6 times the temperature of the Sun's core.
Is there a fusion reactor in the USA?
General Atomics DIII-D National Fusion Facility. Georgia Tech: Fusion Research Center. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: National Ignition Facility. Los Alamos National Laboratory: Fusion Energy Sciences.
How soon will we have fusion power?
In a paper published in 2021 in Nuclear Fusion, the team concludes that DEMO alone will require between 5 kilograms and 14 kilograms of tritium to begin—more than is likely to be available when the reactor is expected to fire up in the 2050s.
How many timers does a reactor controller have?
Reactor controllers have 16 user-configured timers available. Timers allow a relay to activate for a specified period of time. Timers can be activated or cancelled according to various sensor conditions. Timers also have the ability to trigger events every second or at the beginning or end of a timer. The TLEE expansion module greatly increases the number of timer events that are possible.
How many timers does a reactor have?
Reactor has 16 timers that may be triggered using various events. All 16 timers are of the Count Down variety, meaning all timers will count down when triggered. When a timer is triggered, Reactor will automatically load the preset values defined in the “Time when Triggered” boxes shown below. Event options depend on whether you have the TLEE expansion module installed.
What is the overview control panel?
The Overview control panel helps you see how Reactor is functioning, giving you an overview of timers, counters, sensors, and relays all on a single page. Use the Overview control panel should you ever experience any unpredictable behavior from the Fusion controller.
Safety of Fusion Reactors
Mikhail V. Krivosheev, Boris N. Kolbasov, in Fundamentals of Magnetic Thermonuclear Reactor Design, 2018
Superconducting Magnet Systems
Sergey A. Egorov, ... Elena R. Zapretilina, in Fundamentals of Magnetic Thermonuclear Reactor Design, 2018
Mechanics of Magnetic Fusion Reactors
Alexander B. Alekseev, in Fundamentals of Magnetic Thermonuclear Reactor Design, 2018
Plasma Control System
Valerij A. Belyakov, Andrej A. Kavin, in Fundamentals of Magnetic Thermonuclear Reactor Design, 2018
Structural and Functional Materials: Selection Criteria and Radiation Characteristics
Sergey A. Fabritsiev, in Fundamentals of Magnetic Thermonuclear Reactor Design, 2018
Nuclear fusion: What of the future?
A generic toroidal fusion reactor is shown in Fig. 5.2. The toroidal geometry is required due to the properties of magnetic fields (the so-called hairy-ball theorem [10] ), although it makes the engineering more complex.
Facilities With Magnetic Plasma Confinement
Valerij A. Belyakov, ... Victor A. Bykov, in Fundamentals of Magnetic Thermonuclear Reactor Design, 2018
What is fusion reactor?
Fusion reactors are under development to achieve nuclear fusion as a practical energy source. The reactors are based on maintaining plasmas at high temperature through magnetic confinement in a tokamak.
Why is the first wall of a fusion reactor exposed to high temperature?
A first wall of fusion reactor is exposed to high temperature by plasma, and it has unexpected crack by virtue of plasma disruption. While the opposite side of plasma side is cooled for elimination of heat. And since fusion experimental reactors, such as ITER, will be operated in pulse mode, the cyclic thermal stress will take place across the first wall. Hence, it is necessary to predict the crack propagation amount and to clarify the crack propagation behavior for the structural design of first wall.
How does helium implantation work?
This method enables to implant helium ions into materials without changing the chemical composition of the material but with small displacement damages resulting in a much higher He/dpa ratio. Hasegawa et al. demonstrated the effects of helium up to 1000 appm on the fracture behavior of RAFM steels and oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steels. 193 The DBTT evaluated by sub-size specimens increased by helium implantation and the fracture mode in the helium-implanted depth area was altered from quasi-cleavage type to intergranular type. In contrast, no DBTT shift or fracture mode change was observed in ODS ferritic steel. The difference of fracture behavior can be attributed to the difference in the bubble formation on the grain boundaries. It should be carefully considered that the microstructural development at such high He/dpa ratio is different from those of fusion reactors or nuclear fission reactors. 195
What is the most promising neutron multiplier material?
Beryllium intermetallic compounds (i.e., beryllides ) are the most promising advanced neutron multiplier materials, having high stability at high temperatures when used in the pebble bed blankets of DEMO reactors. 5 However, beryllides are too brittle to allow for the production of pebbles.
How does fusion generate radioactive waste?
Fusion reactors based on the deuterium–tritium fuel cycle will generate radioactive waste as a result of neutron irradiation of the structural materials and absorption of the tritium fuel. An important issue is whether the volume of this waste and the risks associated with it can be reduced to a sufficiently low level that the environmental advantage of fusion can be maintained without incurring unacceptable additional costs. Information is presented on the radioactive waste expected from the decommissioning of three generations of fusion devices – the JET experiment, NET, and power reactors. The characteristics and probable volumes of this waste are considered, together with the risks associated with its disposal.
What is the fuel of nuclear fusion?
Current nuclear fusion reactors exploit a fusion reaction between deuterium and tritium because of its feasibility. Tritium, a fuel of fusion reactors, is produced by the irradiation of lithium-6 with neutrons, which are generated by nuclear fusion reactions.
What is the ITER project?
Under the auspices of the IAEA, the international project ITER, meaning “the way” in Latin, to signify “the way to new energy,” was created in 1988 with the purpose of designing and constructing a fully operational prototype fusion reactor. There are seven signatories of ITER (China, the European Union, India, Japan, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Korea, and the United States), all of which will provide the financial input and technical cooperation required for the construction and operation of the reactor. The design of the ITER Tokamak fusion reactor was approved by the signatory members in 2001; and the site where the reactor would be constructed was agreed in 2005 to be in southern France at Cadarache, near Aix-en-Provence. The fusion reactor now under construction will begin plasma experimentation in 2020, and the reactor is expected to be fully functional with D-T fusion by 2027. The prototype reactor is intended to demonstrate that fusion can produce relatively safe energy with a high net energy yield—that is, more energy output than energy put into the system. Fusion energy production via a large-scale commercial reactor with the capacity to generate electric power and produce its own tritium fuel will be the next step after ITER. This full-scale commercial fusion reactor is planned with the project DEMO, or demonstration power plant. DEMO is expected to begin operation around the year 2030, with connection to the electrical grid in 2040.
How does FusionReactor work?
FusionReactor runs these scripts by spawning them using Java system commands. The scripts will be run in the context of the user under commands. The scripts will be run in the context of the user under which your application server runs. This user must have at least read + execute access to these scripts. Any files or other executables called by the script must also be accessible by this user.
How many graphs are there in FusionReactor?
Additionally, you will see seven graphs (Req Activity, Av Request Time, Req Count, JDBC Activity, JDBC Time, Memory and CPU). These graphs show the same information displayed in the statistics section but they are presented visually for ease of use. All graphs (except Req Count) have an arrow on the top right of them. Clicking this will take you to a more detailed graph with additional functionality (time lines) within the instance of FusionReactor which is running on this server.
Where to add a server in FRAM?
You can Manually add a server in the Manager Servers page of the Enterprise Dashboard. You can also specify to add servers to the FRAM Enterprise Dashboard if you use Instance Manager to install the instance and specify the 'Add to FRAM Enterprise Dashboard' option
Can you proxy FusionReactor?
Using the Ephemeral Data Service you also have the ability to proxy the FusionReactor user interface, allowing you to access the local FusionReactor instance without having an exposed port.
Can FusionReactor Enterprise Edition monitor more than one server?
With FusionReactor Enterprise Edition, you have the ability to monitor more than one server instances easily with the use of the Enterprise Dashboard. Any FusionReactor Enterprise Edition installation is able to report the state of the server remotely to any other FusionReactor Enterprise Edition server.
How many timers does a reactor controller have?
Reactor controllers have 16 user-configured timers available. Timers allow a relay to activate for a specified period of time. Timers can be activated or cancelled according to various sensor conditions. Timers also have the ability to trigger events every second or at the beginning or end of a timer. The TLEE expansion module greatly increases the number of timer events that are possible.
How many timers does a reactor have?
Reactor has 16 timers that may be triggered using various events. All 16 timers are of the Count Down variety, meaning all timers will count down when triggered. When a timer is triggered, Reactor will automatically load the preset values defined in the “Time when Triggered” boxes shown below. Event options depend on whether you have the TLEE expansion module installed.
What is the overview control panel?
The Overview control panel helps you see how Reactor is functioning, giving you an overview of timers, counters, sensors, and relays all on a single page. Use the Overview control panel should you ever experience any unpredictable behavior from the Fusion controller.
Introduction
Requirements
- Before getting too deep into Remote Access, please make sure that you meet the following requirements: 1. At least two Fusion series controllers. 2. Each Fusion controller must be configured for Remote Access using Base Station software. 3. Each Fusion controller must have a Digi 802.15.4 wireless communications module installed in Port 2. 4. Each 802.15.4 wireless co…
Getting Started
- Configuration
Remote Access configuration is about as easy as we know how to make it.Your Fusion controller simply needs to know the address of all the other remote Fusion controllers in the area.Make sure your remote devices are powered up during this process, as we need to “Build a Tunnel” to thes… - The Log Book
Make sure that you keep a log book of each remote device.Record the serial number, installation location, and most importantly, the number to the left of the serial number in Base Station software (where you built your tunnels).This number will be used in Base Station software.If you …
Summary
- In summary, we have sent 254 33 to test two-way communications with a remote Fusion controller.The controller sent us back 85 (Byte 19 of the Digi API return frame).From here, you should have a complete framework for sending and receiving data using the Remote Access features in combination with a Digi API frame.
Special Notes
- The test two-way command was sent using byte commands 254 33.This command can be encoded using the NCD API Codec.The response will be API encoded as well.Please see the API Codec Quick Start Guide for more information on encoding commands using NCD API Codec.When using the NCD API Codec in combination with the Digi API Frame, users benefit fro…
900Hp-S3b Wireless Communications
- NCD Fusion class controllers are also capable of sending/receiving data using the Digi 900HP-S3B Wireless Mesh communications protocol. The packet structure is very similar to above, here are some sample API frames that demonstrate communications. Please note the target serial number is 0, 19, 162, 0, 65, 120, 143, 155 (decimal), this will need to be changed. Note the check…